Components of Nervous Co Ordination

NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION:


This type of co-ordination involves specialized cells or neurons linked together directly or via the central nervous system, to form a network that connects the cell organs which receive stimuli (receptors) and those which carry out actions or responses (effectors). The neuron has the ability to generate and conduct impulses which travel across the synapse and pass from the receptors to the effectors, brings about nervous co-ordination. The elements of the nervous system which helps co-ordination are:

• Receptors

• Neurons

• Effectors

The neuron fibers and cell bodies can be excited by slight electric shocks, mechanical, chemical, light and temperature stimuli. Receptors detect changes in the external and internal environment of the animal. The receptor may be a cell, or neuron ending or a receptor organ. Receptors are classified as follows:

Chemoreceptors:

These are for smell, taste and for blood Carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.

Mechanoreceptors:

These detect stimuli of touch, pressure, hearing and equilibrium.

(E.g. free nerve endings + expanded tip endings + Stray endings)

Photoreceptors: 

These (electromagnetic receptors) respond to stimuli of light for example in eyes, rods and cones.

Thermoreceptors:

These are free nerve endings. These show response to cold and warmth.

Nocireceptors:

(Undifferentiated endings) which produces the sensation of pain.

Structure of five different types of sensory receptors in brain

Each type of principal type of sensation that we can experience_ pain, touches, sight, sound and so forth are called Modalities of sensation. Yet despite the fact that we experience these different modalities of sensation; nerve fibers transmit only impulses. How is it that different nerve fibers transmit different modalities of sensation? The answer to this question is:

Each nerve tract terminates at a specific point in the CNS; and the type of sensation is determined by the point in the nervous system to which the fiber leads. So touch stimulus is carried by the nerve impulse in the ‘touch’ area of the brain. Similarly fibers from the eyes (retina) terminate in the visual cortex of the brain.

There are numerous receptors which respond to mechanical conditions of internal organs. Examples are the receptors of the stomach wall which may be concerned with arousal of ‘hunger’; stretch receptors in the carotid and aortic arteries of tetrapods have important roles in regulation of blood pressure; endings with similar properties are found in branchial vessels of fishes.

Neurons:

"The structural and functional unit of the nervous system in all animals including man is the neuron”. This is a highly specialized cell which contains the typical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. This cell is particularly adapted for communication because of its wire like projection; the dendrites which are often further branched and carry impulses towards the central cell body. The cell body is the thicker region of the neuron containing the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm. The axon is the projection, generally very long, that carries impulses away from the cell body. Usually a neuron has a single axon. A fatty substance covering the axon is the myelin sheath along with short regions of exposed axons is called Nodes of Ranvier. Many axons and even dendrites combine to form a single nerve. 

The chief structural and functional units of the nervous system are neurons, but there are other cells, in higher animals, and in humans called neuroglia, which make up as much as half of the nervous system. Neuroglia plays a vital role in the nutrition of neurons and their protection from the myelin sheath. There are three functional types of neurons:

• Sensory
• Associative (intermediate/relay)
• Motor

The neuron has protoplasmic processes arising from its cell body containing a nucleus and various organelle embedded in the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cytoplasmic processes or fibers. One which carries impulse towards cell body is called Dendron, if it is a single fiber, but if smaller fibers _they are called dendrites (singular: dendrite). The processes conducting impulses away from the cell body are termed axons: These may be more than a meter long in some neurons. Nissls granules which are groups of ribosomes associated with rough E.R and Golgi apparatus are present in the cell body. Microtubules, neurofibrils, rough endoplasmic recticulum and mitochondria are present throughout the axoplasm of neuron.

The cell body or soma is the main nutritional part of the cell and is concerned with the biosynthesis of the materials necessary for the growth and maintenance of the neuron. If the cell body of the neuron remains intact, it can regenerate axonal and dendrite fibers; but neurons once mature, do not divide any further.

Effectors:

These are the structures which respond when they are stimulated by impulses coming via motor neuron. The principal effectors is glands, which respond by secreting; and muscles which respond by contracting. Flow of information through the nervous system is explained with the help of a reflex arc.

Effectors in Human Body

Reflex Arc:

Flow of impulse through the nervous system involving receptors, neurons and effectors will be quite clear if we study an example of a reflex arc. Reflex arc is the pathway of passage of an impulse during a reflex action. Reflex action is a form of involuntary action. The direction of stimulus is from receptors to the sensory neuron to associative (Association / relay) neuron and then through the motor neuron to the effectors. 

Autonomic Reflex:

Any of a large number of normal reflexes governing and regulating the functions of the viscera.

Autonomic reflexes control such activities of the body as blood pressure, heart rate, peristalsis, sweating, and urination.

Autonomic Reflex

Somatic Reflex:

An involuntary control system characterized by a control loop which includes skeletal muscles.

Somatic Reflex

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THE DREAM OF LITTLE TUK Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales

Ah! yes, that was little Tuk: in reality his name was not Tuk, but that was what he called himself before he could speak plain: he meant it for Charles, and it is all well enough if one does but know it. He had now to take care of his little sister Augusta, who was much younger than himself, and he was, besides, to learn his lesson at the same time; but these two things would not do together at all. There sat the poor little fellow, with his sister on his lap, and he sang to her all the songs he knew; and he glanced the while from time to time into the geography-book that lay open before him. By the next morning he was to have learnt all the towns in Zealand by heart, and to know about them all that is possible to be known.

His mother now came home, for she had been out, and took little Augusta on her arm. Tuk ran quickly to the window, and read so eagerly that he pretty nearly read his eyes out; for it got darker and darker, but his mother had no money to buy a candle.

"There goes the old washerwoman over the way," said his mother, as she looked out of the window. "The poor woman can hardly drag herself along, and she must now drag the pail home from the fountain. Be a good boy, Tukey, and run across and help the old woman, wont you?"

So Tuk ran over quickly and helped her; but when he came back again into the room it was quite dark, and as to a light, there was no thought of such a thing. He was now to go to bed; that was an old turn-up bedstead; in it he lay and thought about his geography lesson, and of Zealand, and of all that his master had told him. He ought, to be sure, to have read over his lesson again, but that, you know, he could not do. He therefore put his geography-book under his pillow, because he had heard that was a very good thing to do when one wants to learn ones lesson; but one cannot, however, rely upon it entirely. Well, there he lay, and thought and thought, and all at once it was just as if someone kissed his eyes and mouth: he slept, and yet he did not sleep; it was as though the old washerwoman gazed on him with her mild eyes and said, "It were a great sin if you were not to know your lesson tomorrow morning. You have aided me, I therefore will now help you; and the loving God will do so at all times." And all of a sudden the book under Tuks pillow began scraping and scratching.

"Kickery-ki! kluk! kluk! kluk!"—that was an old hen who came creeping along, and she was from Kjoge. "I am a Kjoger hen," [*] said she, and then she related how many inhabitants there were there, and about the battle that had taken place, and which, after all, was hardly worth talking about.

     * Kjoge, a town in the bay of Kjoge. "To see the Kjoge
     hens," is an expression similar to "showing a child London,"
     which is said to be done by taking his head in both bands,
     and so lifting him off the ground. At the invasion of the
     English in 1807, an encounter of a no very glorious nature
     took place between the British troops and the undisciplined
     Danish militia.

"Kribledy, krabledy—plump!" down fell somebody: it was a wooden bird, the popinjay used at the shooting-matches at Prastoe. Now he said that there were just as many inhabitants as he had nails in his body; and he was very proud. "Thorwaldsen lived almost next door to me.* Plump! Here I lie capitally."

* Prastoe, a still smaller town than Kjoge. Some hundred paces from it lies the manor-house Ny Soe, where Thorwaldsen, the famed sculptor, generally sojourned during his stay in Denmark, and where he called many of his immortal works into existence.

But little Tuk was no longer lying down: all at once he was on horseback. On he went at full gallop, still galloping on and on. A knight with a gleaming plume, and most magnificently dressed, held him before him on the horse, and thus they rode through the wood to the old town of Bordingborg, and that was a large and very lively town. High towers rose from the castle of the king, and the brightness of many candles streamed from all the windows; within was dance and song, and King Waldemar and the young, richly-attired maids of honor danced together. The morn now came; and as soon as the sun appeared, the whole town and the kings palace crumbled together, and one tower after the other; and at last only a single one remained standing where the castle had been before,* and the town was so small and poor, and the school boys came along with their books under their arms, and said, "2000 inhabitants!" but that was not true, for there were not so many.

*Bordingborg, in the reign of King Waldemar, a considerable place, now an unimportant little town. One solitary tower only, and some remains of a wall, show where the castle once stood.

And little Tukey lay in his bed: it seemed to him as if he dreamed, and yet as if he were not dreaming; however, somebody was close beside him.

"Little Tukey! Little Tukey!" cried someone near. It was a seaman, quite a little personage, so little as if he were a midshipman; but a midshipman it was not.

"Many remembrances from Corsor.* That is a town that is just rising into importance; a lively town that has steam-boats and stagecoaches: formerly people called it ugly, but that is no longer true. I lie on the sea," said Corsor; "I have high roads and gardens, and I have given birth to a poet who was witty and amusing, which all poets are not. I once intended to equip a ship that was to sail all round the earth; but I did not do it, although I could have done so: and then, too, I smell so deliciously, for close before the gate bloom the most beautiful roses."

*Corsor, on the Great Belt, called, formerly, before the introduction of steam-vessels, when travellers were often obliged to wait a long time for a favorable wind, "the most tiresome of towns." The poet Baggesen was born here.

Little Tuk looked, and all was red and green before his eyes; but as soon as the confusion of colors was somewhat over, all of a sudden there appeared a wooded slope close to the bay, and high up above stood a magnificent old church, with two high pointed towers. From out the hill-side spouted fountains in thick streams of water, so that there was a continual splashing; and close beside them sat an old king with a golden crown upon his white head: that was King Hroar, near the fountains, close to the town of Roeskilde, as it is now called. And up the slope into the old church went all the kings and queens of Denmark, hand in hand, all with their golden crowns; and the organ played and the fountains rustled. Little Tuk saw all, heard all. "Do not forget the diet," said King Hroar.*

*Roeskilde, once the capital of Denmark. The town takes its name from King Hroar, and the many fountains in the neighborhood. In the beautiful cathedral the greater number of the kings and queens of Denmark are interred. In Roeskilde, too, the members of the Danish Diet assemble.

Again all suddenly disappeared. Yes, and whither? It seemed to him just as if one turned over a leaf in a book. And now stood there an old peasant-woman, who came from Soroe,* where grass grows in the market-place. She had an old grey linen apron hanging over her head and back: it was so wet, it certainly must have been raining. "Yes, that it has," said she; and she now related many pretty things out of Holbergs comedies, and about Waldemar and Absalon; but all at once she cowered together, and her head began shaking backwards and forwards, and she looked as she were going to make a spring. "Croak! croak!" said she. "It is wet, it is wet; there is such a pleasant deathlike stillness in Sorbe!" She was now suddenly a frog, "Croak"; and now she was an old woman. "One must dress according to the weather," said she. "It is wet; it is wet. My town is just like a bottle; and one gets in by the neck, and by the neck one must get out again! In former times I had the finest fish, and now I have fresh rosy-cheeked boys at the bottom of the bottle, who learn wisdom, Hebrew, Greek—Croak!"

* Sorbe, a very quiet little town, beautifully situated, surrounded by woods and lakes. Holberg, Denmarks Moliere, founded here an academy for the sons of the nobles. The poets Hauch and Ingemann were appointed professors here. The latter lives there still.

When she spoke it sounded just like the noise of frogs, or as if one walked with great boots over a moor; always the same tone, so uniform and so tiring that little Tuk fell into a good sound sleep, which, by the bye, could not do him any harm.

But even in this sleep there came a dream, or whatever else it was: his little sister Augusta, she with the blue eyes and the fair curling hair, was suddenly a tall, beautiful girl, and without having wings was yet able to fly; and she now flew over Zealand—over the green woods and the blue lakes.

"Do you hear the cock crow, Tukey? Cock-a-doodle-doo! The cocks are flying up from Kjoge! You will have a farm-yard, so large, oh! so very large! You will suffer neither hunger nor thirst! You will get on in the world! You will be a rich and happy man! Your house will exalt itself like King Waldemars tower, and will be richly decorated with marble statues, like that at Prastoe. You understand what I mean. Your name shall circulate with renown all round the earth, like unto the ship that was to have sailed from Corsor; and in Roeskilde—"

"Do not forget the diet!" said King Hroar.

"Then you will speak well and wisely, little Tukey; and when at last you sink into your grave, you shall sleep as quietly—"

"As if I lay in Soroe," said Tuk, awaking. It was bright day, and he was now quite unable to call to mind his dream; that, however, was not at all necessary, for one may not know what the future will bring.

And out of bed he jumped, and read in his book, and now all at once he knew his whole lesson. And the old washerwoman popped her head in at the door, nodded to him friendly, and said, "Thanks, many thanks, my good child, for your help! May the good ever-loving God fulfil your loveliest dream!"

Little Tukey did not at all know what he had dreamed, but the loving God knew it.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS BASED ON PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Based on proteins function, proteins may be classified as regulatory or hormonal proteins, structural proteins, transport proteins, genetic proteins and physiochemical proteins. But here, I am only going to define proteins based on physiochemical behavior. Based on physiochemical properties, proteins are classified into following types:

• Simple Proteins
• Compound or Conjugated Proteins
• Derived Proteins

Simple Proteins:

These proteins on hydrolysis yield only amino acids or occasional carbohydrates and their derivatives. For example, albumins, globulins, lefumin, collagen, etc. Globulins are insoluble in water but soluble in dilute salt solutions. They are found in animals, e.g. lactoglobulin is found in muscles and also in plants. Legumin and collagen proteins are present in the connective tissues throughout the body. They are the most abundant proteins in the animal kingdom forming some 25-35 percent of body protein.

Globulin 

Compound or Conjugated Proteins:

In these molecules the protein is attached or conjugated to some non-protein groups which are called prosthetic groups. For example, phospho-proteins are conjugated with phosphoric acid; lipoproteins are conjugated with lipid substances like lecithin, cholesterol and fatty acids.

Derived Proteins:

As the word “derived” is showing that this class of protein includes substances which are derived from simple and conjugated proteins. For example, proteoses enzymes, peptones, oligopeptides, polypeptides, etc.

Polypeptide chain

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Quote of the Week

"Oh, magic hour, when a child first knows she can read printed words."

--Betty Smith ( A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, 1943)

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The Respiratory System is Located in Your Chest and Upper Part of your Abdomen

 The Respiratory System is Located in Your Chest and Upper Part of your Abdomen. 

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Comparison of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

Bullous emphysema:

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Diagram Of Human Cell Organelles

vocabulary cell structure 1 cell the basic unit of all living things 2

The skin covers the entire external surface of the human cells, primarily function to produce a pigment, melanin, which absorbs radiant energy from the sun and protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Melanin accumulates in PART B: Animal Cells (Human Cheek Cell Wet Mount (s): Bubble lab handout Explore Artifact(s)/Product(s): Plant vs. Animal Cell Lab, Venn Diagram, Organelle definition charts Explain Artifact(s)/Product(s): 2 BrainPop quizzes, Osmosis and Diffusion Femtosecond lasers, which have ultrashort pulses, are increasingly used for precise ablation of cell organelles using femtosecond laser, Opt. Lett. 39, p. 19093-19103, 2011. 2. M. Terakawa, Y. Tsunoi, T. Mitsuhashi, In vitro perforation of human The human body is For example, Intelligent Design (ID) proponents have said for a long time that one of their main arguments against evolution is the fact that the basic components inside cells are so complex, that they could not have appeared by In 2000, a team of Boston scientists discovered a peculiar gene in the human genome. It encoded a protein made only by cells in the placenta the pangolins. The diagram here, from the authors, shows how they see this evolution having unfolded. "The Human Genome Project Proteins working together inside cells sometimes physically touch each other; often, many of them will also link to a few central proteins that play a key role in a particular biological process. A diagram of the resulting .

the human brain doesn’t look like much. However, this three-pound amalgam of squishy cells is one of the most complicated and complex structures in the known universe. With hundreds of billions of neurons, each with its own inner world of organelles and There are exactly 8 of them, R1-R8, and each has a rod-like organelle called the rhabdomere, in red in the diagram below and synapse with the same cell in the lamina. The whole thing has an intricacy that makes a human-made watch look like clumsy This understanding includes, among other things: Identifying the normal cellular processes that cancer cells use at the wrong time, in the wrong places. Decoding the "circuit diagram of cell (the energy-producing organelle - i.e., sub-compartment the nucleus from the ingested algal cell has disappeared, but in some cases it persists as a residual organelle known as a nucleomorph. Such organisms have four distinct genomes. Archibald compared these algae to Russian nesting dolls with "sophisticated .

Another Picture of Diagram Of Human Cell Organelles :

Diseases of Immunity.


3D Picture of Animal Cell and its Major Components

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Diagram Of A Human Stem Cell

histological diagram of transverse section of trachea

Heres one of those cute kind of diagrams that scientist BMP4 to generate dCPECs from human ESC-derived neuroepithelial cells. These findings demonstrate BMP4 sufficiency to instruct CPEC fate, expand the repertoire of stem cell-derived neural Some ten years ago scientists thought that the only way of producing programmable therapeutic stem cells was to cannibalize human embryos a property known as pluripotency (see diagram below right). Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University won the Nobel Mouse embryonic stem cells have shown the mark the location of the transplanted cells. Using an electroretinogram, the researchers were then able to evaluate the visual capabilities of the mice. Diagram of a human eye. Source: Wikipedia Commons. Human embryonic stem cells were first identified less than a decade ago Unfortunately, success turned out to be much harder to achieve in people than to diagram on a chalkboard. The tragic death of clinical study volunteer Jesse Gelsinger, and the In a first step towards creating artificial sperm cells, researchers have turned human bone marrow tissue into primitive help provide a continuous supply of sperm (see diagram, right). While sperm stem cells have two sets of chromosomes, mature sperm As the diagram illustrates, many of the signals are known—molecules like nodal and FGF and Notch. Here’s the good news: researchers can do this! The yields aren’t great, and it takes a meticulously applied protocol, but human embryonic stem cells .

but maybe he can start working on a thriller that takes Robert Langdon on a journey through the Renaissance masters alleged diagrams of human anatomy. Hidden in plain sight, in Sistine Chapel frescoes, assert some medical personnel, are pictures of human A team of researchers from the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine are currently under fire for allegedly altering research data for favorable results, and possibly doing clinical stem cell trials papers containing diagram mistakes to the and the stem cell ceases to be a stem cell. The new work provides the first wiring diagram of human embryonic stem-cell regulatory circuitry. "This gives us a framework to further understand how human development is regulated," says Boyer. "These findings Both research groups have found a way to reprogram human skin cells so they cannot be distinguished from embryonic stem cells. Although at an early stage, the technique holds out the promise of turning a scrape of cells from inside the cheek into embryonic .

Another Picture of Diagram Of A Human Stem Cell :

Hormones & Reproduction


What does Cerebrum do ?

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The Greatest Military Commander of All Time

Who’s the greatest military commander of all-time? I am sure Alexander the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte and Genghis Khan is the first 3 person that comes to your mind. Well, they are great military leaders but there is one exceptional military commander in history that surpassed the records of these military geniuses in the person of Subutai.

Who is Subutai? Well, he is not that popular compared to Alexander and Napoleon but based on historical records, his military exploits and successes are incomparable. He is the wisest of the wisest and the greatest military strategist of all the strategists who conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history. However, his popularity is overshadowed by Genghis Khan.

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Subutai is a military genius who was born in 1176 and died in 1248 at the age of 72. He was the primary military strategist and general of Genghis Khan and Ogedei Khan.

His name is also spelled in many different ways such as Subetei, Subetai, Subotai, Tsubotai, Tsubetei, Tsubatai, Sübeedei, Sübügätäi or Sübüätäi.

Subutai’s Accomplishments and Strategies as Military Strategist

Subutai directed more than 20 campaigns in which he conquered 32 nations and won 65 pitched battles, during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history.

* A pitched battle is a battle where both sides choose to fight at a chosen location and time and where either side has the option to disengage either before the battle starts, or shortly after the first armed exchanges.

He gained victory by means of imaginative and sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that were hundreds of kilometers away from each other.

He destroyed the armies of Hungary and Poland within two days of each other, by forces over five hundred kilometers apart.

Subutai is regarded in history as one of the most prominent generals in terms of ability and tactics helping with the military campaigns in Asia and Eastern Europe.

He commanded many successful attacks and invasions during his time and was rarely defeated.

Subutai was one of the first Mongol generals besides Genghis Khan who realized the value of engineers in siege warfare.

Subutai made use of siege engine such as huge stonethrowers to clear the bank of crossbowmen and open the path for his light cavalry to attack without further such losses.

This novel attack was the first use in the West of such weapons as a form of tactical artillery.

While the stonethrowers were clearing the path to cross the main bridge, Subutai supervised construction of a temporary, emergency bridge downriver to outflank enemies.

These tactics were new to the forces he faced in Europe and the steppe, and they were unprepared to meet them.

Subutai was also well known for incorporating conquered peoples into his forces, especially engineers, who brought specialized skills.

He turned the gathering of intelligence and planning in advance into a fine art by utilizing spies to gather information at least a year before he attacks.

He tailored his strategy to the foe he faced, altering his tactics according to the opponents, the terrain, and the weather.

He emphasized the use of light cavalry in his army, and made sure that his troops were both mobile and self-sufficient. Usually he maneuvered the enemy into a position of weakness before accepting battle.

Unlike European or Japanese armies, which valued personal valor in a commander above all else, the Mongols valued strategic ability and the skill to make tactical adjustments in the heat of battle above all else in their leaders.

Subutai and Batu Khan sat on a hill, far from the engagement, where they could direct the flow of battle with flags. This was one reason among many that Subutai was rarely defeated.

In addition, he is often considered among the greatest of commanders, if not the greatest general ever.

Subutai defeated the Merkits along the Chu River in 1216 and again in 1219 in Wild Kipchak territory.

Subutai defeated the Alans and Don Kipchaks/Cumans and crushed a combined Rus and Cuman army along the Kalka on 31 May 1223.

A raid into Volga River territory is one of the rare defeats of Subutai

Another defeat of Subutai was at Shan-ch’e-hui.

In 1227, Subutai conquered the Jin districts along the upper Wei River.

Subutai was able to outmaneuver the Jin armies and won decisive victories at Sanfeng on 9 February 1232, Yangyi 24 February 1232, and T’ieh’ling 1 March 1232.

Subutai was tasked to direct the operations (under the overall command of prince Batu).

He defeated Kipchak leader Bachman on the north side of the Caspian Sea and next conquered the Volga Bulgars.

The Rus forces were defeated in 3 separate engagements and their cities were taken in quick succession.

In 1239, the Rus state of Chernigov was defeated and their cities were taken.

In 1240, Kiev, Vladimir and other cities were quickly taken.

The Mongols defeated European armies at Chmielnik (18 March 1241), Kronstadt (31 March 1241), Liegnitz (9 April 1241), Muhi (10 April 1241), and Hermannstadt (10 April 1241). Hungary was overrun.

The Mongols set out for home in 1242, after learning that Ögedei had died, relieving Vienna and the rest of Central Europe from further assaults.

The attack on Europe was planned and carried out by Subutai, who achieved his lasting fame with his victories there.

Having devastated the various Russian Principalities, he sent spies as far as Poland, Hungary, and even Austria, in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe.

Having a clear picture of the European kingdoms, he brilliantly prepared an attack nominally commanded by Batu Khan and two other princes of the blood.

While Batu Khan, son of Jochi, was the overall leader, Subutai was the actual commander in the field, and as such was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Kievan Rus.

He also commanded the central column that moved against the Kingdom of Hungary.

Only the death of the Great Khan prevented the attack on the remainder of Europe.

Subutai with Batu Khan also invaded Kievan Rus, Bohemia, Poland and Hungary.

Subutai was placed in charge of the campaign against the Song in 1246, at 70 years old.

Biographical Facts About Subutai

Subutai’s exact date of birth is unknown but Historians believe he was born between the years of 1165–1170, probably just west of the upper Onon River in Mongolia.

He belonged to a tribe called Uriankhai, a tribe of forest people.

His father’s name is Qaban, a blacksmith which was not considered nobility. He was a proof that the Mongol Empire was a meritocracy.

Subutais family had been associated with the family of Genghis Khan for many generations.

His brother Jelme also served as a general in the Mongol army.

Subutai joined Genghis Khan when he was 17 and within a decade he rose to become one of the senior officers, commanding one of 4 roving detachments operating ahead of the main forces.

In 1212, Subutai took Huan by storm, his first major independent exploit mentioned in the sources.

Genghis Khan called him one of his "dogs of war", a title he earned through his campaigns.

Mongol histories say that Subutai said to Genghis Khan, "I will ward off your enemies as felt cloth protects one from the wind

See also

• 100 Interesting Facts About Temujin or Genghis Khan 


• 100 Interesting and Amazing Things About Alexander the Great 


• 100 Interesting and Controversial Facts About Napoleon Bonaparte

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50 Entertaining and Interesting Facts About Elvis Presley The King of Rock and Roll

One of the most famous and influential entertainers of the 20^th century is Elvis Presley. He is considered the “king of rock and roll”.

Here’s a long list of interesting facts about this superb entertainer.

1.) Elvis Aaron Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA on January 8. 1935.

2.) Elvis had an identical twin brother, Jesse Garon Presley. Jesse was delivered 35 minutes before him, stillborn.

3.) He and his parents were members of Assemblies of God.

4.) Presley was married to Priscilla and they had a daughter – Lisa Marie.

5.) Elvis admitted that he never had sexual intercourse with his wife upon learning that she is pregnant.

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6.) His daughter, Lisa Marie, became the wife of Michael Jackson on May 26, 1994 but they divorced after 4 years due to irreconcilable differences.

7.) He was an American singer and an actor who is renowned as an early pioneer of rock music.

8.) Presley is regarded as one of the first mass idols of American popular culture due to electrically charged performances.

9.) He attended Pentecostal churches in his youth, and there he heard gospel music.

10.) At 10, Presley won a talent contest for a rendition of the ballad “Old Shep” (1933).

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11.) He learned to strum the guitar during his teens.

12.) When he finished high school education, he worked as a truck driver.

13.) In 1953, he signed a contract with Sun Records and recorded some country-tinged singles in 1954 like “That’s All Right Mama” and “Blue Moon of Kentucky”.

14.) In 1955, Presley switched the next year to a major label, the Radio Corporation of America or RCA.

15.) His hit songs for RCA that landed on the number one spot in 1956 include “Heartbreak Hotel”; “I Want You, I Need You, I Love You”; “Don’t Be Cruel”; “Hound Dog”; and “Love Me Tender.”

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16.) Presley starred in 4 motion pictures from 1956 to 1958: Love Me Tender (1956), Jailhouse Rock (1957), Loving You (1957), and King Creole (1958).

17.) He served in the United States Army for two years from 1958 to 1960.

18.) Musical films of Presley were Flaming Star (1960), Blue Hawaii (1961), Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962), Viva Las Vegas (1964), Roustabout (1964), Frankie and Johnny (1966), and Live a Little, Love a Little (1968).

19.) Hit songs of Presley in the 1960s were “It’s Now or Never” (1960), “Good Luck Charm” (1962), “Return To Sender” (1962), “Crying In the Chapel” (1965), “In The Ghetto” (1969), and “Suspicious Minds” (1969).

20.) Overall, Presley is credited with more than 100 singles that made the pop charts—far more than any other artist.

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21.) Presley, a drug dependent, died on August 16, 1977 due to heart failure which is likely a result of his chronic overuse of prescription barbiturates.

22.) Presley is buried at his mansion called Graceland. It is a major tourist site in Memphis.

23.) Graceland is the second most visited/popular house in the United States receiving half a million visitors every year. Only the White House is more popular than Graceland.

24.) He plays the guitar and the piano.

25.) Presley is the best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music.

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24.) He was nominated for 14 competitive Grammys and won three; and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award when he was only 36 years of age. 

26.) Elvis Presley has been inducted into four music “Hall of Fame”.

27.) A stamp depicting Presley was issued by the German post office in 1988

28.) At the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world

29.) "Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the 20^th century"

30.) Presley made his first professional recordings in 1954 at the age of 19.

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Elvis’ wife, Priscilla

31.) In 2005, for the 5^th straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million.

32.) He placed second in 2006, returned to the top spot the next two years, and ranked fourth in 2009.

33.) In 2007, he was second with his highest annual income ever, $60 million, spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday.

34.) Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboards top 40 and top 100.

35.) He holds the records for most British number one hits, with 21, and top ten hits, with 76.

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Lisa Marie Presley – Elvis’ only child

36.) Two women fans were killed during Elvis funeral.

37.) Presleys last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6, 1977.

38.) His final concert was held in Indianapolis at the Market Square Area, on June 26, 1977.

39.) Elvis Presley’s fiancée at the time of his death is Ginger Alden, an actress/model from Memphis, Tennessee.

40.) Priscilla and Elvis Presley separated on February 23, 1972, after Priscilla disclosed her relationship with Mike Stone, a karate instructor Presley had recommended to her.

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41.) Priscilla relates that when she told Elvis about his relationship to Mike Stone, Presley grabbed her and forcefully made love to her and declared that is how a real man makes love to his woman.

42.) Five months after Priscilla’s admittance, Presley’s new girlfriend, Linda Thompson, a songwriter, actress and one-time Memphis beauty queen, moved in with him.

43.) Linda Diane Thompson won the Miss Tennessee Universe Pageant in 1972. Their relationship ended in December 1976. 

44.) Presley’s concert Aloha on January 14, 1973 from Hawaii was the first global concert satellite broadcast, reaching approximately 1.5 billion viewers live and on tape delay.

45.) Presley’s costume at the Aloha concert became the most recognized example of the elaborate concert garb with which his latter-day persona became closely associated.

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46.) His wife Priscilla Presley was born Priscilla Ann Wagner on May 24, 1945. She is an American actress and businesswoman. Elvis and Priscilla were married from 1967 to 1973.

47.) Lisa Marie Presley, Elvis’ only child was born on February 1, 1968.

48.) Lisa is an American singer and songwriter who is also known as the “Princess of Rock and Roll”

49.) Elvis Presley was rejected as a singer after a tryout during his teenage and was advised to stick to truck driving because he’s not going to make it as a singer.

50.) Presley never received formal music training or learned to read music. He studied and played by ear.

See also

• 40Interesting Facts About the Handsome Tom Cruise
• Amazingly Interesting and Random Facts About Music and Entertainment
• The Best Films of All Time

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